Yeah, even shorter answer = "no", if by "equivalent" you mean "just as fast and accurate".
Midi notes come with a built in "note on" message, timed down to the millisecond. It's easy for a quantize algorithm to manipulate them mathematically so that they're spaced equally, or in certain ratios for a swing effect, etc. Every MIDI part is going to have these clearly timed messages to work with.
Audio doesn't have "note on" messages. An algorithm can analyse the audio and detect transients and sudden volume changes, which usually mark the beginning of a note, but it's not as exact as MIDI.
With many styles of music (e.g. with regular kick drum hits), transient detection will do a good job of splitting the audio so that there's not a lot of adjusting to do, but there will always be some.
$0.02
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